Welcome to TiddlyWiki created by Jeremy Ruston, Copyright © 2007 UnaMesa Association
To counter the Cultural Exceptionalism:
* India, China, Chile, Cuba, Lebanon, and Panama were all involved in the original drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
* The principles of Human Rights have been adopted, ratified, by many developing nations.
* It is hypocrisy to install a modern nation-state model of government over tribal boundaries but then claim to use those tribal traditions to judge human rights.
* Kofi Annan: the problem with religion is not usually the faith, but the faithful.
* Kofi Annan: "When have you heard a free voice demand an end to freedom? When have you heard a slave argue for slavery? When have you heard a victim of torture endorse the ways of the torturer? Where have you heard the tolerant cry for intolerance?
Essay by John Burton.
Describes post-Behavioural [[Pluralism]].
"contemporary international relations differed fundamental from earlier networks of relationships in that comprised multiple highly interdependent [ [[Interdependence]] ] structures and were best represented not as billiard balls in collision but as 'cobwebs' with diverse interlinkages." SoISociety, pp. 28-9.
"Reference by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in a speech in South Africa in 1960 to the political changes taking place across Africa heralding the end of European [[Imperialism]]" GoWP, p. 77.
I am starting this log of operations in order to explain the development of this Tiddlywiki. The "Log" will be different from the "Blog", which may be developed here too, eventually. They shall have different tags. A Log is a technical tiddler that reports development and changes here. Blog is an opinion piece.
I have instituted some major changes this past weekend. Particularly in the ViewTemplate. It feels more "me" and organizes the layout of each Tiddler as I would perhaps an index card, etc. Also, on the bottom is the "Reference" section, displaying the Tiddlers that reference that Tiddler. Between the tags, links and references, it should be easy to move around the reference material.
I tried playing with Stylesheets as well. That's how the sidebar changed so much. I tried to change to the wide version of K2, but found it to be a bit bland. More to the point, it was difficult to see when one tiddler ended and the other began.
I want to round the tiddler corners and use more dayglo colours. Like in Google Reader or Gmail. That kind of style. The best I can see is the Flickr rip-off, which is too white and has tiddler separation problems. I am also curious to see if tiddler styles can be influenced by tags. For example, tiddler backgroup changing light blue when tagged "blue" or "definitions".
I'm glad all the extra stuff fell off the sidebar. I was using the Table of Contents macro rather than the timeline one, and the file menu was pretty useless. Now the technical "guts" of the TW are less prominent, and I removed the ToDo link from the Main Menu as well.
Next I hope to:
* Remove redundant or unused plugins
* Install Simile plugins
* Look into a blogging front end.
* Add more notes and content (of course)
* Have the "reference" section remove itself if there is nothing in it.
University of London, External Programme
Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences
Taken from mid Feb, 2007.
Course notes for 130PoliPhilo.
University of London, External Programme
Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences
Taken from February 2007.
The [[Idealism]] of Woodrow [[Wilson]] is personified with these "14 Points", which formed the terms of German surrender, the end of World War I, establishment of the [[League of Nations]] and the basis of peace in Europe.. The fourteen points were first delievered in a speech to a joint session of US Congress on January 8th, 1918:
# Open covenants openly arrived at.
# Freedom of the seas alike in peace and war.
# The removal of all economic barriers to trade.
# Reduction in national armaments.
# A free, open-minded and impartial adjustment of all colonial claimes, based on the principle that the interests of the population concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
# The evacuation of Russian territory and the independent determination by Rssia of her own political development and national policy.
# The evacuation and restoration of Belgium.
# The evacuation and restoration of France and the return of Alsace-Lorraine.
# A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy along national lines.
# Self-determination for the peoples of Austria-Hungary.
# A redrawing of the boundaries of the Balkan states along historically established lines of nationality.
# Self-determination for the peoples under Turkish rule.
# The independence of Poland with free access to the sea guranteed by international covanent.
# The formation of a general association of nations under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
"As a number if historians have shown, Wilson advanced his fourteen points for many reasons, but one, obviously, was a shrewd appreciation that liberal democracy was the best antidote to Bolshevism and reaction in a world turned upside down by global war. Even his support for self-determination was as muh a strategic ploy as a moral demand. As the record reveals, the ultimate purpose of the slogan was not to free all nations, but rather to undermine the remaining empires on the European continent and win America friends in the east and central Europe. Wilson understood, even if his later realist critics did not, the power of values and norms in international relations." Cox, 2000: 6-7
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson%27s_14_points
A fairly large bulk update. I've not updated in awhile as I've had a lot of personal things on the go: getting married, for example. The updates were made offline in Sharm El Sheik, Egypt during my "honeymoon", put in quotes as we had such a crap time, we demoted the trip to: "post-wedding holiday", and look to getting somewhere more fun later this year.
This should be the beginning of a string of updates and edits as I head into my exams. There is hundreds of pages of highlighted information that will be transfered here as a product of my revision. Be sure to comment, or make note of any information that I have not perfectly understood, as I need feedback as well. Have fun.
Several new additions to this upload. First of all, much more content to be added over this Easter Weekend, particularly under the [[History]] heading/tag.
A procrastination drift sent me scurrying around ripping out unneeded system tiddlers, killing unused plugins and their docs. I freed up about 300k in doing this, quite a bit and quite important as the actual tiddlyspot file was up to 1.1MB. There was quite a bit of junk from various experiments, etc.
I think this quite clearly answers the curiosity of adding a blog to this site. The site would get far too big if there was opinion content here. So, for that head to http://carsonspost.wordpress.com. Its just easier that way.
Also, as tags are so important to this tiddlywiki, I went through it and got rid of many redundant or useless tags. It simply streamlines this site a bit more.
I'm pleased to see there is quite a bit of traffic passing through the site. Its pretty exciting, and someday I hope to start seeing comments.
!Definition
In relation to insurance - those who are a poor risk tend to want more insurance.
As the premiums rise, those who have less risk drop out - and shrink the pool of insured, increasing premiums, and so on. Too little insurance is sold to "good risks", resulting in failure.
Adverse Selection is combated with [[Discrimination]].
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Bull, Hedley. //The Anarchical Society; A Study of Order in World Politics//. Third Edition. London: Palgrave, 2002.
''Chapter 1: The Concept of Order in World Politics''
* Defines [[Society]], [[Order]] and [[International Society]] versus [[International System]]
* [[Bull]] regards an [[International System]] differently from others. Some see it scientifically, the system can be used to make predictions, etc. [[Bull]], rather, sees the [[International System]] as a "constellation" of states.
* Definition of the goals of [[International Order]].
* The definition of [[World Order]].
''Chapter 2: Does [[Order]] Exist in World Politics?''
* A description of [[Christian International Society]].
* A description of [[European International Society]].
* A description of [[World International Society]].
* A discussion over the importance of [[Pretext to War]].
The structure and ordering principle of International Politics. Each nation state is a group within the anarchic system, relating to each other in anarchy, without higher governing authority.
From the Greek word anarkhos, meaning: "without a ruler".
In International Relations, anarchy refers to the situation where there is no higher authority or government. A state without a government, say in a revolution, is said to be in anarchy. Also, the [[International System]] is said to be in anarchy as there is no central government higher than the state. Each individual [[Nation State]] survives with its [[Sovereignty]] in a state of anarchy as there is no power greater than that of the state.
Thomas [[Hobbes]] was the first philosopher to recognise this condition, which has become particularly important to the theory of [[Realism]]:
"It is easy to see how this pre-social condition is often said to be applicable to international relations, particularly among realists in the field. They argue that the absence of a supreme ruler capable of enforcing [[Order]] across the entire system means that individual states are in a permanent state of insecurity and must be prepared to do whatever they can to survive in this hostile [[Self Help]] environment. This relationship between anarchy and [[War]], then, is extremely close." IRKeyConcepts, p. 3.
IRKeyConcepts, pp. 2-4.
DicIR pp. 18-20.
DicPol pp. 15-6.
"System of racial segregation introduced in South Africa in 1948, designed to ensure white minority domination" GoWP, p. 77.
''The Historical Approach''
In the formalized study of political theory, from a //historical perspective// we are looking to explain why these thinkers developed these theories. Two approaches the study commonly takes are the:
* [[Contextual Approach]], taking an idea like an archaeological artefact and studying it within the historical, social, political, and economic circumstances that it developed in. The other way is the
* [[Hermeneutic Approach]], to look at the direct meaning of the argument and what it meant to the people it was developed for. The theory's meaning is defined by its use, and the ideas were answers to questions of the age. This makes the hermeneutic approach a study of the patterns of ideas, the actions and reactions of political thinking at any time.
''The Philosophical Approach''
This approach looks more at the substance of the argument and it's reasoning. There are two common ways of looking at political philosophy:
* The [[Normative Approach]], usually concerned with ethics, law and morality, have to do with concepts of obligation, duty and //what we should do//.
* The [[Positive Approach]], looks at what actors, institutions and agents, and how they should act. Positive theorists explain what is happening and predict what should happen.
"The process of buying a product in one [[Market]] and selling it in a different market, in order to make a profit from the difference between the prices in the two markets." GoWP, p. 362.
The case against universal [[Human Rights]] is that of "Cultural Exceptionalism", ie Taliban.
* Cultural Exceptionalists say: Universal Human Rights is a western idea that conflicts with tradition and culture.
The argument against cultural exceptionalists:
1 Cultural exceptionalists do not legitimately represent the culture they make this claim for. Ie, Taliban imposes their cultural beliefs on people.
2 Human rights is based on transnational social, economic, and scientific developments not regional culture.
3 Individual rights are not against the common good, community, or social responsibility. They aim for new, multi-layered, and voluntary affiliations that supplement communities based tradition, territory or genetics.
the Taliban, for example:
* Their interpretation of Islam is not correct according to many Islamic historians and theologians.
* They silence half their population, so the claim that they speak for the people cannot be correct.
* Human rights is an important part of the globalizing world.
* People free to choose their own identities usually still do so along religious, cultural, and national lines.
Important points:
* The west has little tradition of Human Rights, religious tolerance or freedoms, etc. So this is not an extension of western legacy.
* Human Rights is a product of industrialization, urbanization, the rise of the middle class, advances in transportation, communications, and information technology. These developments could have happened anywhere as they were driven by scientific advancements.
* Human rights claims to individual autonomy are in opposition to community, but rather arise from the desire to use intellectual and technological innovations to supplement their traditional, geographic, and genetic communities.
* Traditional communities are less able to cope on their own with global issues like: epidemics, trade flows, or environmental degradation and global warming.
* Citizens groups and movements are a phenomenon of the 20th Century as groups worldwide engage in social activities that provide for the well-being of others.
* There is universal solution, but when Human Rights violations are evident, the international, regional, governmental, non-governmental communities must act to fight against it.
"A pervasive and indispensable concept which is part of the stock-in-trade of both students and practitioners of diplomacy. Indeed, it is regarded by some scholars as the nearest thing we have to a political theory ofinternational relations. However, its meaning is by no means clear and it is open to a number of different interpretations. Martin Wight, for example, distinguishes between nine different meanings of the term:
# An even distribution of power.
# The principle that power should be evenly distributed
# The existing distribution of power. Hence, any possible distribution of power.
# The principle of equal aggrandizement of the great powers at the expense of the weak.
# The principle that one side ought to have a margin of strength in order to avert the danger of power becoming evenly distributed.
# (When governed by the verb 'to hold') A special role in maintaining an even distribution of power.
# (When governed by the verb 'to hold') A special advantage in the existing distribution of power.
# Predominence
# An inherent tendency of International politics to produce an even distribution of power."
DicIR pp. 41-42
A description of how [[Marx]] saw history, a [[Materialist Conception of History]].
The ''"base"'', the [[Means of Production]] and [[Relations of Production]], develop with technology and dictate the economy. The economy affects all of politics and society, the ''"superstructure"''.
[[Gramsci]] incorporated a lot of this into [[Gramscianism]], as he found it an important part his ''consent'' ideas. The superstructure may be affected by the base, but how the superstructure reacts will determine how much change the base can incorporate.
Other smaller reference works can be found in the [[Books and Articles]] tiddler.
More information on these books and others on my bookshelf can be found at http://www.shelfari.com/carsonspost/shelf.
Most of these books are simply referenced. Some of them are important enough to be note-form indexed. These are, or will be, AnarchSociety, GoWP, UnderstandingIR, and SoISociety, and each will be tagged with "Notes".
| <<tag AnarchSociety>> | [[Bull]], Hedley. ''//The Anarchical Society; A Study of Order in World Politics//''. Third Edition. London: Palgrave, 2002. |
| <<tag ByndWelState>> | Pierson, Christopher. ''//Beyond the Welfare State?//''. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991. |
| <<tag DicIR>> | Evans, Graham and Newnham, Jeffrey. ''//The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations//''. London: Penguin Books, 1998. |
| <<tag DicPol>> | McLean, Iain and McMillan, Alistair. ''//Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics//''. Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. |
| <<tag GoWP>> | Baylis, John and Smith, Steve. ''//The Globalization of World Politics//''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. |
| <<tag IntpretMdrnPoliPhilo>> | Edwards, Alistair and Townshend, Jules (Editors). ''//Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy; From Machiavelli to Marx//''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. |
| <<tag IRKeyConcepts>> | Griffiths, Martin and O'Callaghan, Terry. ''//International Relations; The Key Concepts//''. London: Routledge, 2002. |
| <<tag ManStateWar>> | [[Waltz]], Kenneth N. ''//Man, the State, and War; A Theoretical Analysis//''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. |
| <<tag NeoRealCritics>> | [[Keohane]], Robert O. ''//Neorealism and its Critics//''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986. |
| <<tag PoliThinkers>> | Boucher, David and Kelly, Paul (editors) ''//Political Thinkers; From Socrates to the Present//''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. |
| <<tag SoISociety>> | Stern, Geoffrey. ''//The Structure of International Society; An Introduction to the Study of International Relations//''. Second Edition. London, Pinter Press, 2000. |
| <<tag TheoryIP>> | [[Waltz]], Kenneth N. ''//Theory of International Politics//''. Boston: McGraw Hill, 1979. |
| <<tag UnderstandingIR>> | Brown, Chris and Ainley, Kirsten. ''//Understanding International Relations//''. Third Edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. |
| <<tag UnderstandingSP>> | Hill, Michael. ''//Understanding Social Policy.//'' Seventh Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. |
| <<tag WelStateReader>> | Pierson,Christopher and Castles, Francis G. ''//The Welfare State Reader//'' Second Edition. C 2006. |
| <<tag WorldPhilo>> | Heilbroner, Robert L. ''//The Worldly Philosophers; The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers//''. Sixth Edition. New York: Touchstone; Simon and Shuster, 1986. |
| <<tag WorldPoli>> | Kegley, Charles W. and Wittkopf, Eugene R. ''//World Politics; Trends and Transformation//''. Tenth Edition. London: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006. |
| <<tag VSINationalism>> | Grosby, Steven. ''//Nationalism, a Very Short Introduction//''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. |
The selection of books this Tiddly is based upon is found in the [[Bibliography]].
These works are of note and any references in the Tiddly will be linked to here.
//[[The Globalization Syndrome]]//
Mittelman, James H. //The Globalization Syndrome, Transformation and Resistance//. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
[[Globalization: Whats New?]] What's not? And So What?
Robert O. [[Keohane]] and Joseph S. [[Nye]], Foreign Policy, Spring 2000, p. 104
[[Whose City Is It?]] Globalization and the Formation of New Claims
Saskia Sassen,
[[Interlocking Economics]]: Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization
Jeffery Sachs, The Frontiers of Knowledge
[[Are Human Rights Universal?]]
Thomas M. Franck, Foreign Affairs 80, no. 1 (2001), pp. 191-204.
[["Are Human Rights Universal?"]]
Shashi Tharoor, World Policy Journal 16, no. 4 (Winter 1999/2000): pp. 1-6.
[[Resilience of the State]]; The Evolution and Sustainability of Sovereignty
Samuel Barkin, Harvard International Review 22, no. 4 (2001), pp. 42-46.
//[[On Liberty]]//; essay by John Stuart Mill, 1868.
Mill, John Stuart. //On Liberty and Other Essays//. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
The capitalist middle class
A report by senior level policy makers examining how the international community should respond to the challenges of developing nations.
Post World War II policy makers gathered at Bretton Woods. The [[New World Economic Order]] the system proposed included the creation of the [[IMF]], [[GATT]], and the [[IBRD]].
This system was built in reaction to the [[Great Depression]] and to ensure:
* a stable exchange rate system
* a reserve asset or unit of account (such as the gold standard)
* control of international capital flows
* the availability of short-term loans to countries facing a temporary balance of payments crisis
* a body of rules to keep trade open.
The Bretton Woods system fixed exchange rates to the US dollar, which fixed itself to the [[Gold Standard]] (as opposed to all currencies fixing themselves to the gold standard, etc.) and for any exchange rates to change, application had to be made to the [[IMF]]. This is a very stable system.
"Declaration by Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev in November 1968 that members of the [[Warsaw Pact]] would enjoy only 'limited [[Sovereignty]]' in their political development" GoWP, p. 77.
Hedley Bull, author of //The Anarchical Society//, and instrumental figure in [[The English School]] of international relations.
Hedley [[Bull]]'s analysis of Thomas [[Hobbes]]'s, and other's, argument for international [[Anarchy]] and the state of nature allegory.
"The absence of a world government is no necessary bar to industry, trade and other refinements of living. States do not in fact so exhaust their strength and invention in providing security against one another that the lives of their inhabitants are solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short; they do not as a rule invest resources in war and military preparations to such an extent that their economic fabric is ruined. On the contrary, the armed forces of states, by providing security against external attack and internal disorder, establish the conditions under which economic improvements may take place within their borders. The absence of a universal government has not been incompatible with international economic interdependence.
"It is also clear that the second feature of Hobbes's state of nature, the absence in it of notions of right and wrong, including notions of property, does not apply to modern international relations. Within the system of states that grew up in Europe and spread around the world, notions of right and wrong in international behaviour have always held a central place.
"Of the three principal features of Hobbes's state of nature the only one that might be held to apply to modern international relations is the third - the existence of in it of a state of war, in the sense of a disposition on the part of every state to war with every other state. Sovereign states, even while they are at peace, nevertheless display a disposition to go to war with one another, inasmuch as they prepare for war and treat war as one of the options open to them.
"The second weakness of the argument from international anarchy is that it is based on false premises about the conditions of order among individuals and groups other than the state. It is not, of course, the case that fear of a supreme government is the only source of order within a modern state: no account of the reasons why men are capable of orderly social coexistence within a modern state can be complete which does not give due weight to factors such as reciprocal interest, a sense of community or general will, and habit or inertia.
"If, then, we are to compare international relations with an imagine, pre-contractual state of nature among individual men, we may well choose not Hobbes's description of that condition but Locke's. Locke's conception of the state of nature as a society without government does in fact provide us with a close analogy with the society of states. In modern international society, as in Locke's state of nature, there is no central authority able to interpret and enforce the law, and thus individual members of the society must themselves judge and enforce it. Because in such a society each member of it is a judge in his own cause, and because those who seek to enforce the law do not always prevail, justice in such a society is crude and uncertain. But there is nevertheless a great difference between such a rudimentary form of social life and none at all.
"The third weakness of the argument from international [[Anarchy]] is that it overlooks the limitations of the domestic analogy. States, after all, are very unlike human individuals. Even if it could be contended that government is a necessary condition of order among individual men, there are good reasons for holding that anarchy among states is tolderable to a degree to which among individuals it is not.
"We have already noted that, unlike the individual in Hobbes's state of nature, the state does not find its energies so absorbed in the pursuit of security that the life of its member is that of mere brutes. Hobbes himself recognises this when, having observed that persons in sovereign authority are in 'a posture of war', he goes on to say that 'because they uphold thereby the industry of thier subjects, there does not follow from it that misery which accompanies the liberty of particular men'. The same sovereigns that find themselves in a state of nature in relation to one another have provided, within their territories, the conditions in which refinements of life can flourish.
"Moreover, states are not vulnerable to violent attach to the same degree that individuals are. [[Spinoza]], echoing Hobbes in his assertion that 'two states are in the same relation to one another as two men in the condition of nature', goes on to add, 'with this exception, that a commonwealth can guard itself against being subjugated by another, as a man in the state of nature cannot do. For, of course, a man is overcome by sleep ever day, is often afflicted by disease of body or mind, and is finally prostrated by old age; in addition, he is subject to troubles against which a commonwealth can make itself secure.' One human being in the state of nature cannot make himself secure against violent attack; and this attack carries with it the prospect of sudden death. Groups of human beings organised as states, however, may provide themselves with a means of defence that exists independently of the frailties of any one of them. And armed attack by one state upon another has not brought with it a prospect comparable to the killing of one individual by another. For one man's death may be brought about suddenly in a single act; and once it has occurred it cannot be undone. But war has only occasionally resulted in the physical extinction of the vanquished people." AnarchSociety, p. 45-7.
A variation, in the school of [[Realism]], of the concept of [[Power]] introduced by Kenneth [[Waltz]]. Capabilities are a state's strength defined by: size of population and territory, resource endowment, economic capability, military strength, political stability and competence.
Capitalist mode of production's social relations to each historical period:
1 Everything involved in production has an exchange value, even workers wages.
2 Everything involved in production is owned by the capitalist class
3 Even through workers are free, they must sell their labour to the capitalist class who own the [[Means of Production]], [[Relations of Production]], and control the profit resulting from the workers labour.
[[Wallerstein]] on Capitalism:
"A system of production for sale in a market for profit and appropriation of this profit on the basis of individual or collective ownership." //The Capitalist World Economy//. 1979, p. 66
* Within this system, specific institutions are being created and re-created.
* This applies to economic institutions like companies, corporations, or even industries but also to social and primordial institutions like the family unit, ethnic groups, states, etc.
* None of these institutions is timeless, all are temporary.
* Everything adapting to the constant shifting of the dynamic world system.
* Everything including the system itself, which starts and ends and is dynamic throughout.
[[Linklater]] on Capitalism:
"A system of production in which human labour and its products are commodities that are bought and sold in the marketplace." (GoWP, p. 621)
In the fifteen through seventeenth centuries, western Europe was disintegrating from its dominance by the church and modern states were evolving. Three outlooks on [[Society]] had emerged.
* That of [[Machiavelli]] and Thomas [[Hobbes]] who saw a world in the vacuum of [[Anarchy]] and constant [[War]] and confrontation.
* Those who looked toward universal authority in the Pope or Emperor.
* A few who saw the emergence of a new [[International Society]] of [[International Law]] and [[International Order]]. Men like Hugo [[Grotius]].
Europe formed such an [[International Society]], whose attempts to limit violence was based on the following:
* Their common Christian heritage and inherited Roman law. For example, treaties were signed and sealed with religious oaths.
* There was no definition of the political entity, no rigid equivalent of a state. The political entity could be anything from a duchy to a republic, so ultimately the concepts of [[International Law]] rested on the individual.
* There was a strong element of "natural law" instilled in this [[Society]]. This was inherited from the [[Roman]] tradition, and was a byproduct of the evolution from the [[Medieval Age]].
* The assumptions of the time was that the [[International Society]] was based on a universal society, the [[International Law]] of that time was more a law common in all nations than applied to the actions of nations.
* There was no attempt at creating supra-national institutions to control the actions of state. There was the previously existing Papacy, and were elements of [[Empire]] still at work, but neither were constructs bsed on the consent of the states within the [[Society]].
The growth in complexity of [[International Society]] at this time led to innovations in diplomacy (such as the ambassador). However, at this time there were no [[Great Powers]] or [[Balance of Power]] concepts at play. That waited for the next stage of [[International Society]], the [[European International Society]].
The status one has with the rights to representation and to participate in politics.
Networks of social institutions and practises which take place below political institutions that allow citizens to organize, represent and express themselves, democratic theorists see these as essential for Democracy. (eg Family, economic relationships, social affiliations, etc.)
Conflict between social and economic classes. In [[Marxist Theory]] between the [[Proletariat]] and the [[Bourgeoisie]] capitalist classes.
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"The doctrine of live and let live between political communities, or states." GoWP, p. 36.
The indirect conflict between the USSR and the US from 1945-1990 which defines the latter half of the twentieth century.
Major Moments of the Cold War:
|1945 | UN | Development of the [[United Nations]] |
|1947 | US | Development of the [[Truman Doctrine]] of [[Containment]] |
|Berlin, 1948-9 | US and USSR | the Berlin airlift. |
|April 1949 | NATO | Creation and signing of NATO |
|Taiwan Straits, 1954-5 | US and China | Taiwan Straits Crisis |
|Eastern Europe, 1955 | Warsaw Pact | Creation of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. |
|Berlin, 1961 | US/NATO and USSR | Berlin wall |
|Cuba, 1962 | US, USSR and Cuba | The [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] |
|1963 | Various | Limited Test-ban Treaty |
|1968 | Various | Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty |
|1972 | Various | Biological Weapons Convention |
|1972 | USSR and US | SALT I, limits on strategic arms |
|1972 | USSR and US | ABM Treaty, limits anti-ballistic missiles |
|Israel, 1973 | Israel, Egypt, US, USSR | The Arab/Israeli War |
|1979 | USSR and US | SALT II, limits on strategic arms |
|1983 | US/NATO, USSR | Exercise //Able Archer//. |
|1987 | US and USSR | Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, bans some nuclear weapons |
|1990 | US and USSR | START I, reducing strategic weapons. |
|1991 | USSR | USSR disbands |
A key concept in [[Liberalism]]. Refers to an arrangement where 'each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to aggression.' They agree to three principles:
# They agree to use [[Diplomacy]] and peaceful means to settle disputes and affect the status quo.
# The [[National Interest]] is broadened to include the interests of other [[Nation State]]s within the [[International Community]].
# States learn to trust each other and to not fear domination by other states, leaving their destinies in collective security.
Collective security is not an attempt at getting rid of war, but rather a system for preventing the worst excesses.
"[[Gorbachev]]'s concept (associated with his [[New Thinking]] in foreign policy) of the essential unity of Europe and of the need to overcome the 'artificiality and temporariness of the bloc-to-bloc confrontation and the archaic nature of the "[[Iron Curtain]]"'." GoWP, p. 109.
The opposite of [[Individualism]], and take two forms:
* Methodological communitarianism looks at the group (the family, the nation, etc.) as the most important unit in the explanation.
* Ethical communitarianists believe the individuals are ethically significant based on their station in the group, therefore the community or group holds primary ethical claim.
The human association where people share common symbols and want to cooperate to achieve common objectives.
"In the early 1990s the idea of a concert of powers became popular as a recipe for managing relations between the [[Great Powers]] and for providing a semblance of global governance in a world without a formal government. The best-known example of such a concert was established in the early nineteenth century, and those who argued that a similar concert could be established after the [[Cold War]] have used this as a basis for their claims." IRKeyConcepts, p. 48.
"The Concert system arose out of the deliberations at the [[Congress of Vienna (1815)]] in 1815. It refers to the //ad hoc// system of conferences held by the major powers to regulate diplmatic crises in Europe between 1815 and 1854. Although it had no formal institutional structure its purpose was overtly managerial -- to control, through mutual consultation, the [[Balance of Power]] in post-Napoleonic Europe. The settlement at Vienna and the concept of [[Conference Diplomacy]] which it inaugurated, remained the basis for international conduct throughout the nineteenth century, even thought the Concert system as such was ended by the Crimean War. In this sense, it was the world's first deliverately contrived [[Security]] [[Regime]]... A number of factors contributed to it's 'successful' operation (in the sense that there were no wars between the great powers for forty years):
1 There was a reasonably even distribution of [[Power]] at the end of the [[Napoleonic War]]. Members of this great power club (Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, France, and later joined by Italy and Turkey) were percieved to be roughly equal in military capability and diplomatic importance.
2 There was a common realization that the politics of untutored [[Balance of Power]] led to great power confrontation, therefore concerted action was needed to avert the danger.
3 Great power collaboration in bringing down Napoleonic France had the spillover effect of maintaining a unified front after the period of conflict was over. Emphasis on great power unity reinforced the conception of the European great powers as a special group with special responsibilities and privileges.
4 Meetings were confined to the great powers themselves. Sometimes lesser states were consulted, but never on the basis of [[Equality]]. (This practice of according special status to the great powers was to reappear in both the [[League of Nations]] and the [[United Nations]].)
5 It did not challenge the ultimate [[Sovereignty]] of [[Nation State]]s. The unanimity rule was preferred, so that if vital [[National Interest]]s were affected the system remained inactive.
6 It was not a vehicle for reform; its purpose was to manage and maintain the status quo.
7 It did not seek to eradicate conflict, simply to manage it.
8 Despite great ideological differences between the powers -- the three Eastern powers were [[Conservative]] and counter-revolutionary, and the Western states were more [[Liberal]] in outlook -- they all shared assumptions about the need to keep 'the public law of Europe' and to establish a responsible code of international behaviour." DicIR pp. 90-1.
IRKeyConcepts, pp. 48-50.
DicIR, //Concert System//, pp. 90-1.
A concept of Liberalism. The way in which states or international insistutions impose conditions upon developing countries in advance of distributing economic benefits.
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"American political strategy for resisting perceived Soviet expansion, first publicly espoused by an American diplomat, George Kennan, in 1947. Containment became a powerful factor in American policy toward the Soviet Union for the next forty years" GoWP, p. 77.
One of the historical [[Approaches to Political Theory]] that takes an idea like an archaeological artefact and studies it within the historical, social, political, and economic circumstances that it developed in.
A more optimistic branch of Neo-Realism, or [[Structural Realism]].
Contingent realists see more opportunity for cooperation within the [[International System]], and reject the following elements of Neo-Realism:
* The competition bias, [[Self Help]] does not require perpetual competition that results in [[War]].
* The neo-realist emphasis of relative gains. States can be satisfied with relative parity rather than maximizing security interests, leading to war.
* The overstatment of cheating. If states look at [[Arms Race]]s as a similar problem to cheating, they may decide not to treat cheating as an absolute issue.
An argument and theory that carries a lot of ethical [[Individualism]]. It explains the origin of the state as being an agreement by its citizens to the government.
These are when one behaviour is beneficial for one set of actors in the short run, but different or even opposite in the long run, and form a [[Crisis]]
For example: ''The Crisis of Underconsumption'':
In the short term it is in the best interests for the capitalists to maximize profits by driving down wages of their workers. These workers, however, are quite likely consumers at the same time who have just had their potential buying power cut, and can no longer afford the product, so the Capitalists end up with stock they cannot sell.
The term that denotes the central power in [[World System Theory]], as opposed to [[Periphery]].
A model of [[World System Theory]] developed by [[Lenin]] that states that the political/social/economic world is divided (both nationally and internationally alike) into two tiers: core and periphery.
The core it the highly developed, wealthy, high wage, capitalist (replacement for the [[Marx]]'s [[Bourgeoisie]] class) dominates and exploits the periphery (an evolution of Marx's [[Proletariat]]),: less developed, poor, low wage earning underclass.
[[Wallerstein]] added an intermediate "semi-periphery" to this model, to represent those who have characteristic of both tiers.
Where international organizations, transnational corporations, global markets, etc. are accountable to the people of the world.
A concept of Liberalism. Associated with David [[Held]], and other Neo-Idealism school, a cosmopolitan model of democracy requires the following: the creation of regional parliaments and the extension of the autority of such regional bodies (like the European Union) which are already in existence; human rights conventions must be entrenched in national parliaments and monitored by a new International Court of Human Rights; the UN must be replaced with a genuinely democratic and accountable global parliament.
The following courses have had influence on this Tiddlywiki.
Athabasca University:
<<tag GLST230>> Global Studies 230, Globalization and World Politics
University of London, External Programme: Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences.
<<tag 11IntroIR>> 11 Introduction to International Relations
<<tag 130PoliPhilo>> 130 Introduction to Modern Political Thought.
Birkbeck College, University of London
<<tag DaSS>> Data Analysis and Statistics for Social Policy
<<tag SocPolicy>> Social Policy
Canadian scholar of [[Gramscianism]] and a leading thinker of [[Critical Theory]].
Reaction to the end of the [[Cold War]] was dismissal. He says that the real fundamental shifts in policy happened in the 1970s after the financial crises and the shift from [[Keynesian Economics]] to Neo-Liberalism in economic policy. The policies and structures of the world essentially remained the same after the [[Cold War]], there was no fundamental alteration in thinking. The resulting world order, resulting from the 1970s economic shifts are far from stable, as the difference between the haves and have-nots opens up, the opportunity for movements of [[Emancipation]] (though it may not take the forms of [[Marxism]]).
Wrote:
"Social Forces, States, and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory". 1981.
A set of unique issues that only happen once to an economic world system, when the [[Cyclical Rhythms]], the [[Secular Trends]], and the [[Contradiction]]s combine so that the economic world system cannot sustain itself and must be replaced by a new system.
* [[Wallerstein]] feels that when crisis is happening, the actors within the world system have the most amount of freedom. If the system were working properly, the behaviour of the actors is dictated by the nature of the structure. When it is not functioning properly, the actors are determining the structure. As we have today.
Critical theory has been a part of many other academic subjects, even political philosophy. Only recently has it had dedicated scholarship in International Relations.
Critical Theory was developed by the [[Frankfurt School]] in the 1920s and 1930s. The most important pioneer of Critical Theory was the German Jurgen [[Habermas]]. The unique perspective of this branch of International Relations is that it is not as interested in economics, and is more interested in culture, bureaucracy and the social basis and nature of authoritarianism. [[Frankfurt School]] theorists were innovative in their look at the media and "culture industry". Critical Theorists see the working class has been absorbed by the system and are no longer capable of standing up to it, they are unable to consider an alternative. They look at [[Emancipation]] and see two themes in it:
* They first thought [[Emancipation]] would come as a ''reconciliation with nature'', or man would achieve ''ecological enlightenment''.
* Then they thought communication was the key. Development of the ideas of [[Radical Democracy]].
[[Habermas]] says there are three "knowledge-constitutive interests" of social existance:
1) Technical cognitive interests, motivated by our material needs in existence, and leads to prediction and control of our habitat and environment.
2) Practical cognitive interests, generated by the desire to learn and understand. This develops language and actions, and concerns the meaning of symbols and norms.
3) Emancipatory cognitive interests, which come from our ability for reflective reason. Through reflection we can see ourselves as constrained potential, caught in the power struggles of society. So we struggle to be free (IRKeyConcepts p. 59).
''Robert [[Cox]]'' focuses on the relationship between knowledge and interests. To him [[Reflexivity]] is important, theory must be able to scrutinize itself. He puts together two purpose dependent perspectives of theory:
1) Problem-solving theory: which serves as a guide to solving solutions within the theory's own perspective and framework.
2) Critical theory: which reflect upon the basis presumptions of the theory itself. Critical theory examines the framework of the world order and questions the various structures and institutions that make it up. Seeing history as a continual process of change, critical theory looks to discover which elements of the international system are fundamental, and which are a product of the age.
''Andrew [[Linklater]]:''
* Capitalized on [[Habermas]]' work and argued that [[Emancipation]] should be the expansion of moral boundaries of a political community, the borders of the [[Sovereign]] state lose their ethical and moral significance.
* Since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, ethics have remained within the boundaries of the state borders.
* These borders should become less and less important as the concepts of citizenship extends to everyone, everywhere, regardless of state borders.
It is important to distinguish between critical theory and [[Postmodernism]]. Critical theory is trying to find a way to overcome differences through rational arguement, toward a progression of human potential. Postmodernists feel that ethical and moral progress is arbitrary and this idea of progress has lead to the exclusion of groups and ideas.
IRKeyConcepts pp. 59-61
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The capitalist world economy goes through systems of expansion and contraction, also called boom and bust. These trends do not return the system to where it started. The cycles result in [[Secular Trends]].
The Debt Crisis occurred in the early 1980s. During the 1970s, international financial markets and oil producing nations were dumping money into the developing world in the form of cheap loans. In 1979, rising interest rates made it impossible for these developing nations to pay back these loans. The [[IMF]] changed its role to assist, by recommending several Neo-Liberalism policies as [[Structural Adjustments]]. This spread of Neo-Liberalism has been seen by some to be imposed upon these developing nations, and is known as the [[Washington Consensus]].
The strategy adopted by leading Western states and institutions - particularly the US - to use instruments of foreign policy to spread liberal values. Advocates make an explicit linkage between the mutually reinforcing effects of democratisation and open markets.
A central plank of liberal internationalist thought, the democratic peace thesis holds that war has become unthinkable between liberal states.
A look at the structures of power that exist between the developed industrialized nations (North) and the undeveloped "south". The dependistas of the "Latin American School" put forward this idea that rejects [[Modernization Theory]] as well as [[Marxism]]'s view that the revolution would begin with the spread of [[Capitalism]].
The Dependistas developed the [[Core-Periphery Model]] to explain how wealth is sucked out of undeveloped nations (periphery) to the developed (core) nations.
Dependency theory has largely been discredited since it was first posed, both by emerging newly industrialized nations and by Marxist theory. However, the [[Core-Periphery Model]] has become an important concept for Liberal thinkers. Dependency theory can still be used to understand certain arrangements between nations, but not as a universal concept between the North and South nations.
IRKeyConcepts pp. 71-72
Latin American scholars who developed on [[Dependency Theory]] and [[Structuralism]].
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"Relaxation of tension between East and West; Soviet-American //detente// lasted from the late 1960s to the late 1970s, and was characterized by negotiations and nuclear arms control agreements" GoWP, p. 77.
Evans, Graham and Newnham, Jeffrey. The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations. London: Penguin Books, 1998.
In [[Shelfari|http://www.shelfari.com/carsonspost/shelf]].
The following tiddlers cite this work:
McLean, Iain and McMillan, Alistair. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics. Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
In [[Shelfari|http://www.shelfari.com/carsonspost/shelf]].
The following tiddlers cite this work:
"Diplomacy in world politics refers to a communications process between international actors that seeks through negotiation to resolve conflict short of [[War]]. The process has been refined, institutionalised and professionalised over many centuries." GoWP, p. 318.
Diplomacy has many varied definitions and contexts, but is associated with [[Foreign Policy]]. It refers to
* the ''process of communication'' between states,
* the ''discussion and negotiation to resolve conflict'' that happens, it is the lower level of conflict internationally, where the higher level would be [[War]].
* it is a ''instrument of [[Foreign Policy]]'' rather than a process.
There are several different types of diplomacy:
* ''Traditional diplomacy'', which is institutionalised in structure, with protocol, procedure, and commands a professional, permanent diplomatic service.
* ''New Diplomacy'' evolves out of the traditional kind, including more public scrutiny and control as the [[International System]] has modernized. States are no longer the only actor in the [[International System]], and supranational organisations like the [[United Nations]] are a fundamental part of the new diplomacy, as are TNCs and NGOs. As markets and [[Globalization]] link more nations together, politics gets split into [[High Politics]] and [[Low Politics]] (traditional politics, and the politics of social welfare and the economy, respectively), the concern of each nation also extends beyond its borders, and the new diplomacy has developed 'policeman states', where a hegemon keeps order over other nations.
* ''Cold War Diplomacy'', this refers to the specific, unique aspects of diplomacy that appeared between 1945 and 1989. Diplomats had the new challenge of avoiding global [[Nuclear War]] between [[Superpower]]s.
* ''Nuclear Diplomacy'', a branch of Cold War diplomacy that refers to the interaction of and between states with nuclear weapons; like [[Deterrence]] and Coercive Diplomacy.
* ''Crisis Diplomacy'', the communications and negotiations involved in a crisis.
* ''Summit Diplomacy'', the use of meetings, or 'summits', between heads of state to resolve major problems.
!Definition
In insurance - when companies require information from the insured to decide premiums and coverage - such as medical or financial history, occupation, etc.
A way for Insurance companies to combat [[Adverse Selection]].
Social policies aim to counter adverse selection and discrimination by implementing mandatory cover, or anti-discrimination legislation - or by supporting the service through public/state provision.
The idea that domestic politics can be made to work on an International level.
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| Location:|http://lewcid.googlepages.com/lewcid.html|
| Version:|0.1 (06-Apr-2006)|
| Requires:|~TW2.07|
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''I recommend using either TaggerPlugin or monkeyTagger, with dropTags and dropTagging in the toolbar:''
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!Code
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The realist idea that the state and the citizen have different moral standards. The state, existing in [[Anarchy]] is the moral end, and required to do what it takes to survive. The citizen, under the authority of the state, has more moral obligations to obey laws etc.
A boom in the natural resource economy causes the currency to strengthen, making non-resource (ie manufacturing) industries less profitable. The name comes from the boom that happened in Holland's North Sea gas fields in the 1960s. The dynamic effect is the long term loss in growth resulting from the specialization in the natural resource at the expense of the better opportunities created by manufacturing productivity growth.
To free yourself from within
"A state which possesses both a home territory and foreign territories: an imperial state." GoWP, p. 36.
Conditions where warfare is a recurrent feature of the relations between states, usually because they see it inevitable.
Associated with rationalist thinkers of the eighteenth century. Key ideas (which some would argue remain mottoes for our age) include: secularism, progress, reason, science, knowledge, and freedom. The motto of the Enlightenment is 'Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own understanding' (Reisee 1991:54).
[[Realism]]'s top ethic. It is the belief that positive outcomes may occur from amoral actions.
A group of an [[Ethnicity]].
"...common consciousness of shared origins and traditions." DicPol p. 177.
Developed out of [[Christian International Society]] in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This period is marked by the evolution away from the church, toward [[Nationalism]], and the maturity of the [[Nation State]] as a political unit. Natural law gives way to [[International Law]]. The basis of [[Society]] first from a common Christian identity to that of a common European identity.
Prior to the [[Revolution]]s in France and the United States, the [[Principle of International Legitimacy]], the fundamental element of state, was the dynastic monarchy. The [[Monarchy]] controlled the powers of state, membership of states, the organisation of [[Sovereignty]]. After these to revolutions, the it became popular; of the people. What was essentially the transfer of territory between the powerful families that held them, became based on the people's [[Self-Determination]] and from then the [[Nation State]] as a concept became more powerful.
From here we lead into the twentieth century when [[International Society]] expands globally to become a [[World International Society]].
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"External sovereignty refers to the extent to which a state [has [[Recognition]]] by other states as the legitimate authority within its borders."
* Article [[Resilience of the State]], p. 42
"Arises when one government attempts to exercise its legal authority in the [[Territory]] of another [[State]]. It mainly arises when the US federal government deliberately tries to use domestic law to control the global activities of the TNCs." GoWP, p. 362.
A state that which has collapsed and cannot govern effectively or provide for its citizens without substantial external support. The [[Sovereignty]] of the state is compromised so that the government is no longer legitimate. It cannot:
* maintain control of it's [[Territory]] and borders,
* provide essential services or keep infrastructure for it's people,
* maintain [[Law]] and [[Order]],
* is lacking in [[Stability]].
Failed states are often in the midst of [[Civil War]], and/or elements and areas are controlled by warlords, religious extremists, armed gangs or criminals. Failed states result in suffering of civilian populations, and expand internationally as refugees, conflict and instability spread from within the borders.
Historical reasons for states failing have been:
* ''Decolonization'' and the process thereof. Strategies implemented by colonial powers to keep colonial states in line fall apart. Or the imperial state has not effectively solved the transfer of domestic power for after their departure. Each of these has led to state collapsing, especially in Africa.
* ''Democratisation'' and that process. As the iron grip of an autocratic government is released into more democratic forms, the process can be very unstable, as power vacuums open.
* ''Mismanagement and Corruption''.
* ''Globalization and the Capitalist System''. The state becomes swamped in debt and does not have the resources to maintain control.
IRKeyConcepts, pp. 105-6.
A movement and study of women, not as objects, but as subjects of knowledge. Until the 1980s the role of women and gender in International Relations had been overlooked. It is a large umbrella term of [[Critical Theory]], that contains many schools and variations. Two important schools of feminism:
''Feminist empiricism'' describes the roles of women within the existing International Relations framework. It goes to show how stable diplomatic and military communities have been the responsibility of women, as wives, girlfriends, prostitutes. For example: Philippine women working abroad as domestic servants contribute more to the Philippine economy in remittances than the national sugar and mining industries do.
''Standpoint feminism'' deconstructs all major texts in International Relations to expose its gender bias. The aim is to develop knowledge based on the material conditions of women's experiences, giving us a more complete picture of oppression. Standpoint feminists feel that traditions of [[Realism]] and [[Liberalism]] are overtly masculine concepts, with their emphasis on autonomy, independence, and power. How these schools of thought look at [[Security]], progress, and interstate behaviour is of a masculine point of view.
Feminist empiricism is focused on the roles of women within International Relations, standpoint feminism shows how engendered the discipline is.
IRKeyConcepts pp. 107-8
When creditors, expecting a crash in a market, rush to remove their capital, thereby creating the crash.
The bloody and awful [[Total War]] of 1914-1918 broke out when the [[Balance of Power]] was upset in Europe. Most felt the Germans were responsible, however some felt the [[International System]] itself had broken down. Thus started the academic focus of International Relations, as many scholars in Britain and the US tried to prevent a similar war from happening. The result was the institutional belief in [[Liberal Internationalism]], Woodrow Wilson's [[14 Points]].
The end of the war was organized in the landmark [[Treaty of Versailles (1919)]] which was an attempt at creating institutions and systems (such as the [[League of Nations]]) that would prevent such a war ever happening again.
Foreign Policy can refer to several things:
* It can be the objectives of the [[Nation State]] outside it's borders. These objectives can range from the abstract, as in national prestige, or the concrete: power balances, or disputes over territory.
* Foreign policy can also refer to the principles of the state acting on the international arena. These principles can range from the fundamental, such as [[Self-Determination]], to more [[Normative]] concepts of aligning with [[International Law]].
* It can also be the means and methods that states employ to achieve their goals internationally, from coercive to diplomatic, etc.
* Foreign policy also refers to the series of positions and strategies in action in the pursuit of an international objective.
SoISociety, p 124-5.
"[[Virtu]] and Fortuna are terms pivotal to Machiavelli's thought since together they comprise the polarities of, and the framework for, all human experience. His belief that //fortuna// controls half our lives and the need to display [[Virtu]] as a countervailing force has important political and moral implications. It raises questions about political virtue - the kind of behaviour necessary for political success and about what kind of government best sustains virtu and vice versa." IMPPhilo p. 29.
A school of [[Critical Theory]] in [[Marxist Theory]].
They were a group of left wing German Jews who were pioneering the use of [[Critical Theory]] in International Relations in the 1920s and 1930s. They were all forced into exile in the US.
The first wave included: Max [[Horkheimer]], Theodor [[Adorno]], and Herbert [[Marcuse]].
The second bunch were lead by: Jurgen [[Habermas]].
This is what free trade is about
Author of the [[End of History| http://pdftohtml.markoer.org/pdf2html.php?url=http://www.marion.ohio-state.edu/fac/vsteffel/web597/Fukuyama_history.pdf]] thesis, which refers to the Liberal triumph over other ideologies. In essay to the New York Times magazine, Fukuyama likens his beliefs as a sort of [[Marxism]]: "'The End of History,' in other words, presented a kind of Marxist argument for the existence of a long-term process of social evolution, but one that terminates in liberal democracy rather than communism" [[New York Times Magazine| http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/magazine/neo.html?pagewanted=4&ei=5090&en=4126fa38fefd80de&ex=1298005200&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss]]. To Fukuyama, the market system is inevitable, and variations of Democracy that are the structural support to it.
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General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs, a free trade arrangement developed after WWII along with the United Nations. Was superseded by the [[WTO]] in 1995.
GDLP: Global Division of Labour and Power.
"The GDLP is the anatomy of the global [[Political Economy|International Political Economy]]. Its parts are a spatial reorganisation of production among world regions, large scale flows of migration among and within them, complex webs of networks that connect production processes and buyers and sellers, and the emergence of transnational cultural structures that mediate among the processes." GlobalSyndrome, p. ?.
Athabasca University
Global Studies 230
Taken from May to November 2006.
The following tiddlers have notes from this course:
"Policy of greater openness pursued by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985, involving greater toleration of internal dissent and criticism" GoWP, p. 77.
"The rules, values, and norms which govern the global society of states" GoWP, p. 36.
Mittelman, James H. //The Globalization Syndrome, Transformation and Resistance//. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
In [[Shelfari|http://www.shelfari.com/carsonspost/shelf]].
"Globalization and deglobalization refer to the increase or decline of globalism." [[Globalization: Whats New?]]
"The process whereby state-centric agencies and terms of reference are dissolved in favour of a structure of relations between different actors operating in a context which is truly global rather than merely international." DicIR, p. 201.
"A term that refers to the acceleration and intensification of mechanisms, processes, and activities that are allegedly promoting global [[Interdependence]] and perhaps, ultimately, global political and economic [[Integration]]. It is, therefore, a revolutionary concept, involving the //deterritorialisation// of social, political, economic, and cultural life. It would be a mistake, however, to view globalisation deterministically. Just as there are powerful forces of integration at work through the shrinkage of distance on a global scale, so there are forces of disintegration as well." IRKeyConcepts, pp. 126-7.
"As experienced from below, the dominant form of globalization means a historical transformation: in the economoy, of livelihoods and modes of existence; in politics, a loss in the degree of control exercised locally -- for some, however little to begin with -- such that the locus of power gradually shifts in varying proportions above and below the territorial state; and in culture, a devaluation of a collectivity's achievements or perceptions of them. This structure, in turn, may engender eiher accommodation or resistance." Thesis, //[[The Globalization Syndrome]]//, p. 6.
IRKeyConcepts, pp. 126-9.
DicIR, pp. 201-2.
DicPol, pp. 222-5.
* Globalization is a word that gets used a lot now, like Interdependence in the 1970s
* Globalization refers to the increasing of Globalism
* Globalization is a type of Interdependence, but isn't Interdependence; which can be a regional or even municipal concept, Globalism must have Global proportions.
* Globalism refers to more than one relationship, it is the series of relationships.
There are several forms of Globalism, not just economic:
* Economic globalism is the long-distance flows of goods, services, capital, information and perceptions of market exchange. Organization processes are linked to these flows.
* Military globalism is the long-distance networks of [[Interdependence]] in which force, and the threat or promise of force, is employed.
* Enviromental globalism refers to the long-distance transport of materials in the atmosphere or oceans, or of biological substances such as pathogens or genetic materials, that affect human health and wellbeing.
* Social and cultural globalism involves the movement of ideas, information, images, and people.
* The key difference between the [[Interdependence]] of the 1970s and today is the participation channels and contact between societies. The fall in cost of communications has allowed everyone to communicate, in real time over the globe.
Historically globalism has expanded and contracted, or Globalized and de-